Managing Disks and Filesystems

# Xem tất cả partition tables

$ sudo parted -l

Model: SK hynix BC711 (nvme)

Disk /dev/nvme0n1: 256GB

Partition Table: gpt

Number Start End Size File system Name

1 1049kB 538MB 537MB fat32 EFI System Partition

2 538MB 256GB 256GB ext4

# Xem chi tiết partition với fdisk

$ sudo fdisk -l /dev/sda

Disk /dev/sda: 57.77 GiB

Device Boot Start End Sectors Size Id Type

/dev/sda1 2048 121145343 121143296 57.8G c W95 FAT32 (LBA)

# Tạo phân vùng mới với parted

$ sudo parted /dev/sda

(parted) mklabel gpt

(parted) mkpart primary ext4 1MiB 10GiB

(parted) print

(parted) quit

# Liệt kê block devices

$ lsblk

NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT

sda 8:0 0 57.8G 0 disk

├─sda1 8:1 0 57.8G 0 part

nvme0n1 259:0 0 238.5G 0 disk

├─nvme0n1p1 259:1 0 512M 0 part /boot/efi

└─nvme0n1p2 259:2 0 238G 0 part /

# Tạo filesystem

$ sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/sda1

$ sudo mkfs -t xfs /dev/sda2

$ sudo mkfs -t vfat /dev/sda3

$ sudo mkswap /dev/sda4

# Mount tạm thời

$ sudo mkdir /mnt/data

$ sudo mount /dev/sda1 /mnt/data

$ df -h /dev/sda1

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/sda1 57G 24K 54G 1% /mnt/data

# Unmount

$ sudo umount /dev/sda1

$ sudo umount /mnt/data

# Xem tất cả mounts

$ mount | grep sda

$ cat /proc/mounts

# Bật swap

$ sudo swapon /dev/sda4

$ swapon -s

Filename Type Size Used Priority

/dev/sda4 partition 4194300 0 -2

# /etc/fstab format:

# device mountpoint fstype options dump pass

/dev/nvme0n1p2 / ext4 defaults 1 1

/dev/nvme0n1p1 /boot/efi vfat umask=0077 0 1

/dev/sda1 /mnt/data ext4 defaults 0 2

/dev/sda4 swap swap defaults 0 0

# Dùng UUID (ổn định hơn device name)

$ sudo blkid /dev/sda1

/dev/sda1: UUID="a1b2c3d4-..." TYPE="ext4"

UUID=a1b2c3d4-1234-5678-abcd-ef0123456789 /mnt/data ext4 defaults 0 2

# Mount với ACL

/dev/sdc1 /var/stuff ext4 acl 1 2

# Test fstab không reboot

$ sudo mount -a

# Remount với options mới

$ sudo mount -o remount /dev/sdc1

# Bước 1: Tạo Physical Volume

$ sudo pvcreate /dev/sda6

Physical volume "/dev/sda6" successfully created.

$ sudo pvdisplay /dev/sda6

PV Name /dev/sda6

VG Name (not yet assigned)

PV Size 4.00 GiB

# Bước 2: Tạo Volume Group

$ sudo vgcreate myvg0 /dev/sda6

Volume group "myvg0" successfully created

$ sudo vgdisplay myvg0

VG Name myvg0

VG Size <4.00 GiB

Total PE 1023

Free PE / Size 1023 / <4.00 GiB

# Bước 3: Tạo Logical Volume

$ sudo lvcreate -n music -L 1G myvg0

Logical volume "music" created

$ ls /dev/mapper/myvg0*

/dev/mapper/myvg0-music

# Bước 4: Format và mount LV

$ sudo mkfs -t ext4 /dev/mapper/myvg0-music

$ sudo mkdir /mnt/mymusic

$ sudo mount /dev/mapper/myvg0-music /mnt/mymusic

$ df -h /mnt/mymusic

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/myvg0-music 974M 24K 907M 1% /mnt/mymusic

# Kiểm tra không gian còn trong VG

$ sudo vgdisplay myvg0 | grep Free

Free PE / Size 767 / <3.00 GiB

# Mở rộng LV thêm 1GB

$ sudo lvextend -L +1G /dev/mapper/myvg0-music

Size of logical volume myvg0/music changed from 1.00 GiB to 2.00 GiB.

# Resize filesystem để dùng hết không gian mới

$ sudo resize2fs -p /dev/mapper/myvg0-music

$ df -h /mnt/mymusic

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/mapper/myvg0-music 2.0G 24K 1.9G 1% /mnt/mymusic

# Thêm PV vào VG khi hết không gian

$ sudo pvcreate /dev/sdb1

$ sudo vgextend myvg0 /dev/sdb1

# df: dung lượng filesystem

$ df -h

Filesystem Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on

/dev/nvme0n1p2 234G 50G 172G 23% /

tmpfs 7.7G 2.3M 7.7G 1% /run

/dev/nvme0n1p1 511M 6.2M 505M 2% /boot/efi

# df: hiển thị theo filesystem type

$ df -T

Filesystem Type 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on

/dev/nvme0n1p2 ext4 244506608 52428800 179677808 23% /

# du: dung lượng thư mục

$ du -sh /home/*

4.2G /home/alice

1.1G /home/bob

$ du -sh --max-depth=1 /var

$ du -sh /var/log

856M /var/log